I'd recommend the latest version of "Matter & Interactions" by Chabay and Sherwood. It covers everything you need to know about capacitors and the physics, without getting overly deep into the math. In their 4th edition, look around pages 653 to 655 to get started. There they cover the round-trip potential differences based upon the external field dipoles along an external path around the capacitor dielectric due to the induced insulator dipoles, as well as net field inside the polarized insulator. You will want to read this to understand. Lumped electronic ideas won't cut the mustard.
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